Starlink Satellites Map Earth's Upper Atmosphere Density

Scientists have developed a new method to map the Earth's upper atmosphere using data from Starlink satellites. This technique provides a clearer picture of atmospheric density at approximately 500 kilometers above the Earth's surface. This region, known as the thermosphere, is challenging to observe directly.

The research, conducted by scientists at Kyoto University, utilized publicly available orbital information from about 1,200 Starlink satellites. They applied a tomography technique, similar to medical imaging, to analyze atmospheric drag. This drag causes a gradual decay in satellite orbits, which allowed researchers to estimate thermospheric density.

The team created a two-dimensional map showing latitude and longitude variations in thermospheric density. This represents the first tomographic analysis of its kind for this atmospheric layer. The density patterns observed were consistent with measurements from the European Space Agency's (ESA) SWARM satellites.

This new approach expands on previous work that estimated thermospheric density changes over time and altitude. The current study adds a horizontal dimension, revealing more geographic structure within the thermosphere. Improved understanding of thermospheric density can enhance predictions of satellite motion.

More accurate information about atmospheric density is crucial for managing the increasing number of objects in low Earth orbit. It can help reduce the risk of collisions between satellites and space debris. The technique could also support near-real-time atmospheric density measurements, improving space weather forecasting and satellite operations.