Vitamin B2 May Help Cancer Cells Survive, Study Finds

New research indicates that vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, may inadvertently support the survival of cancer cells. While essential for human health, the vitamin appears to bolster a cellular defense mechanism that protects tumors from ferroptosis, a specific type of programmed cell death. Scientists at the Rudolf Virchow Centre (RVZ) at Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU) conducted the study.

Ferroptosis is a natural process where cells die in a controlled manner, often triggered by iron-driven damage to cell membranes. Cancer cells frequently develop ways to evade this process by strengthening their antioxidant defenses. The study found that vitamin B2 metabolism plays a significant role in these protective defenses within cancer cells.

The research team, led by Professor José Pedro Friedmann Angeli, identified that a protein called FSP1 is central to this mechanism. FSP1 helps healthy cells avoid unwanted cell death, and vitamin B2 supports its activity. By limiting vitamin B2 in laboratory cancer cell models, researchers observed that the cells became more susceptible to ferroptosis.

To explore potential therapeutic strategies, the scientists tested roseoflavin. This naturally occurring compound, produced by bacteria, has a structure similar to vitamin B2. In laboratory experiments, roseoflavin successfully triggered ferroptosis in cancer cell models, even at low concentrations. This suggests that targeting vitamin B2 metabolism could be a new approach for cancer therapies.

The RVZ research team plans to develop more effective inhibitors of vitamin B2 metabolism. They will then test these inhibitors in preclinical cancer models. The findings, published in *Nature Cell Biology*, were supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the European Research Council (ERC).

Beyond cancer, ferroptosis is relevant to other conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases and tissue damage from organ transplantation or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Understanding the link between vitamin B2 metabolism and ferroptosis could offer insights into a broader range of diseases involving cell death. The human body does not produce vitamin B2; it must be obtained from dietary sources like dairy, eggs, meat, and green vegetables.